COMPUTER SOFTWARE

COMPUTER SOFTWARE, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".

Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.

The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.

System software

System software provides the basic functions for computer usage and helps run the computer hardware and system. It includes a combination of the following:

*Device drivers

*Operating systems

*Servers

*Utilities

*Window systems

System software is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware components, so that they can work together harmoniously. Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.

Programming software

Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:

*Compilers

*Debuggers

*Interpreters

*Linkers

*Text editors

An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions.

Application software

Application software is developed to aid in any task that benefits from computation. It is a broad category, and encompasses software of many kinds, including the internet browser being used to display this page. This category includes:

*Business software

*Computer-aided design

*Databases

*Decision making software

*Educational software

*Image editing

*Industrial automation

*Mathematical software

*Medical software

*Molecular modeling software

*Quantum chemistry and solid state physics software

*Simulation software

*Spreadsheets

*Telecommunications (i.e., the Internet and everything that flows on it)

*Video editing software

*Video games

*Word processing

Web Browser

Web Browser adalah suatu program yang digunakan untuk menjelajahi dunia Internet atau untuk mencari informasi tentang suatu halaman web yang tersimpan di komputer.Pada awalnya, web browser hanya berorientasi pada teks dan belum dapat menampilkan gambar. 

Web Browser berasal dari kata Web dan Browser, browser berarti alat mencari, sehingga web browser dapat diartikan sebagai alat untuk mencari web. Dapat pula dikatakan sebuah Web browser adalah software aplikasi yang dapat membuat user menampilkan dan beriteraksi dengan teks, gambar dan informasi lain yang biasanya diletakkan di halaman web pada Website di orld Wide Web atau di jaringan local.

Namun,kini  web browser  tidak hanya menampilkan gambar dan teks saja, tetapi juga memutar file multimedia. Browser juga dapat mengirim dan menerima email, mengolah bahasa HTML sebagai input dan menjadikan halaman web sebagai output yang informatif. 

Teks dan gambar di halaman web dapat berupa hyperlinks ke halaman web lain pada website yang sama atau berbeda. Web browser dapat membatu user dengan cepat dan mudah untuk mengakses informasi yang disediakan pada banyak halaman web di banyak website dengan mengikuti link-link yang ada.

Setiap web browser bersaing di antara satu sama lain untuk menarik pengguna internet. Setiap tahun mereka menaiktaraf web browser mereka dengan cara menambah ciri-ciri tambahan yang sesetengahnya dipanggil sebagai plug-ins ataupun add-ons.

Hal yang perlu diketahui dalam penjelajahan internet adalah pemahaman struktur alamat web, misalkan http://www.google.com maka alamat tersebut dapat diartikan : 

~ http : service transfer web (protokol) 
~ www : jaringan situs web terbesar sebagai pengelola pengalamatan situs web 
~ google : nama wilayah (domain) , yaitu nama sebagai institusi sebuah web
~ com : nama akhir domain, biasanya menunjukkan bidang situs tersebut 

beberapa domain name : 
- co, com : perusahaan komersial 
- net : perusahaan networking 
- org, or : organisasi nonprofit atau yayasan 
- edu, ac, sch : lembaga pendidikan 
- mil : lembaga militer 

Apa itu Apple????

Apple Inc., dahulunya Apple Computer, Inc. (NASDAQ: AAPL), ialah perbadanan multinasional Amerika Syarikat yang mengkhususkan perekaan bentuk serta pengilangan produk elektronik pengguna dan perisian yang berkait. Berpusat di Cupertino, California, Apple mengembangkan, menjual, dan mendukung berbagai-bagaikomputer peribadi dan pemain media mudah alih, serta juga perisian dan perkakasan komputer tambahan. Jualan tahunan Apple di seluruh dunia pada tahun fiskal 2006 (berakhir pada 30 September) ialah AS$19.3 bilion.

Apple diasaskan oleh Steve Jobs dan Steve Wozniak. Apple kini terlibat dalam penciptaan konsep teknologi baru (seperti iPhone, dan Apple TV), serta ciri-ciri untukMac OS X "Leopard", sistem pengendaliannya yang baru. Syarikat ini juga mengendalikan kedai dalam talian untuk menjual perkakasan dan perisian, selain daripada iTunes Store, laman webnya yang membekalkan muzik, buku audio,permainan, video muzik, pertunjukan TV, dan filem digital yang boleh dimuat turun. Produk-produk perkakasan syarikat yang paling terkenal termasuk barisan komputer peribadi Mac dan peranti-peranti persisian berkait, barisan pemain media mudah alih iPod, serta iPhone yang dikeluarkan pada pertengahan tahun 2007. Selain itu, produk-produk perisian Apple yang paling terkenal termasuk sistem pengendalian Mac OS dan suit perisian iLife yang merupakan berkas produk perisian kreatif bersepadu untuk para amatur. (Kedua-dua Mac OS dan iLife dibekalkan secara bersama-sama dengan semua jualan Mac). Tambahan pula, Apple juga merupakan pembekal produk perisian industriaudio dan filem profesional (serta juga "prosumer") yang utama. Aplikasi-aplikasi profesional dan "prosumer" Apple yang digunakan, terutamanya dalam komputer Mac, termasuk Final Cut Pro, Logic Audio, Final Cut Studio, dan alat-alat industri yang berkait.

Diperbadankan pada 3 Januari 1977, syarikat in mula-mulanya dikenali sebagaiApple Computer, Inc. selama 30 tahunnya yang pertama. Pada 9 Januari 2007, syarikat ini menggugurkan perkataan "Computer" daripada nama korporatnya agar membayangkan bahawa Apple yang pada suatu ketika terkenal untuk produk-produk komputer, kini membekalkan berbagai-bagai produk elektronik pengguna. Pertukaran nama yang menyusul pengumuman Apple tentang smartfon iPhone dan sistem video digital Apple TVnya membayangkan peluasan berterusan syarikat ke dalam pasaran elektronik pengguna, selain daripada tumpuan tradisionalnya dalam komputer peribadi.

Apple juga mengendalikan 180 buah kedai jualan runcit di Amerika Syarikat, Jepun, United Kingdom, Kanada, dan Itali. Kedai-kedai itu menjual kebanyakan produk Apple serta juga produk-produk pihak ketiga, dan membekalkan dukungan dan pembaikan perkakasan dan perisian Apple. Apple kini menggaji melebihi 20,000 pekerja tetap dan pekerja sampingan di seluruh dunia.

Berdasarkan alasan-alasan dari falsafah reka bentuk estetik yang menyeluruh sehingga budaya perlawanan (malahan asal-usul budaya kebebasannya), selain daripada kempen-kempen pengiklanannya, Apple telah memperoleh suatu reputasi yang tersendiri dalam industri elektronik konsumer serta juga dasar pelanggan yang setia pada tahap yang amat luar biasa kepada syarikat dan jenamanya.

E-Commerce

Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, eCommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. However, the term may refer to more than just buying and selling products online. It also includes the entire online process of developing, marketing, selling, delivering, servicing and paying for products and services. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at one point in the transaction's life-cycle, although it may encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones as well.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely in electronic form for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but mostly electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers are now electronically present on the World Wide Web.

Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that takes place between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the seller's computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service involved. The sale or purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as in Amazon.com for new books. However in some cases, an intermediary may be present in a sale or purchase transaction such as the transactions on eBay.com.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of business transactions.

eiDa cayunk Malaysia

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INFORMATION SYSTEM

INFORMATION SYSTEM

An information system (IS) - or application landscape - is any combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations, management, and decision making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, processes, data, and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Alter argues for an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans and/or machines perform work using resources to produce specific products and/or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to processing (capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying) information.

As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.

Information systems are the primary focus of study for the information systems discipline and for organisational informatics.

Components

It consists of computers, instructions, stored facts, people and procedures.

ISs can be categorized in four parts:

·         Management Information System (MIS)

·         Decision Support System (DSS)

·         Executive Information System (EIS)

·         Transaction Processing System (TPS)

Ketensionan...^(^

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INFORMATION SYSTEM

Definition of Information System

When talking about information systems, first of all needs to be defined what is considered under information and to define difference between data and information. So, information can be defined as data converted into something valuable and usable for certain user.

Out of this definition following can be concluded, information are data sets that together offer new knowledge to data owner.  For example, currency exchange rate is for ordinary person just data but for financial analyst it is information because together with other historical currency exchange rates might give certain predictability, new information, about short-term currency trend. 

From this statement following can be concluded, any system consists of minimally 3 components:

• Input, on level of sales details,
• Processing, same material in production processes.
• Output, new product

Based upon this 3 components modern systems use two more components. Without them many modern systems could not work without:

• process of feedback, where from previous example can be process of quality for new product or for used materials in production process;
• control, that analyzes data from feedback and based upon results makes conclusions (is company moving toward goal or not).

Aim and purpose of each information system (definition of information system) is conversion of data into information. This process consists of four basic concepts:

1. people, hardware, software and data are four basic resources of information system;
2. human resources consist of end users and IT specialists; hardware consists from machines and media; Software resources consist from: programs and procedures; data resources consist form data, model and knowledge base;
3. data are converted in information process into many information products for end users;
4. information process consists of input, processing, output, storage and control processes.

All components of information system are mutually connected and cannot exist individually and to perform role of informing. Relationship between separated components is defined for best process efficiency.

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